ようこそ「通訳訓練シリーズ」へ。この通訳ブログでは、英日サイト・トランスレーション（サイトラ）を４回にわたって扱っていますが、今回は、その最終回です。
サイトラの基本については、こちら⇩をどうぞ。
今回の通訳訓練をする前に、「順送り訳」のコツや、「意味のユニット」や、「スラッシュ・リーディング方式の訳」等をおさらいする方は、この２つの記事⇩をご覧ください。
また、英日通訳のコツ・工夫のまとめをおさらいする方はこちら⇩をどうぞ。
今回の練習教材
前回に続いて、使用する原文はオバマ大統領が2016年9月20日に国連総会で行った最後のスピーチです（出典 American Rhetoric）。内容は、彼の８年間の任期中に世界全体が進歩したことを称賛する一方で、世界平和と繁栄を脅かす対立と分断の動きに対して警告を発して、分断ではなく協調の道を歩むよう呼びかけるものです。今回は第38段落から最後までを訳出練習します。
サイトラ訳出練習
では、第38段落から、可能な限り原文の語順に添って、サイトラ方式で訳出していきましょう。過去3回と同様、原文の各段落の下にサイトラ参考訳例及び必要に応じて註を入れます。
This leads me to the third thing we need to do: We must reject any forms of fundamentalism, or racism, or a belief in ethnic superiority that makes our traditional identities irreconcilable with modernity. Instead we need to embrace the tolerance that results from respect of all human beings.
（註 — １．「We must reject any forms of fundamentalism, or racism, or a belief in ethnic superiority」という部分は、その次に「that makes 云々」が見えてきた時点で、「原理主義、人種差別、民族的優越性の信念を拒否するということです」と訳しています。そして続く関係節は、日本語として自然につながるような訳を目指して「～を妨げるからです」と訳しています。関係節には理由を示すような言葉はないではないかと思われるかもしれませんが、原文が伝えている意味の内容は、この訳で忠実に言い表せていると思います。２．「we need to embrace the tolerance that results from respect of all human beings」も関係節は後回しにしています。通常の訳し方ですと、「すべての人間を尊重することから生まれる寛容さを受け入れる必要があります」のような訳になろうかと思いますが、順送り訳をしています。原文への忠実性は保っていると思います。）
It’s a truism that global integration has led to a collision of cultures; trade, migration, the Internet, all these things can challenge and unsettle our most cherished identities. We see liberal societies express opposition when women choose to cover themselves. We see protests responding to Western newspaper cartoons that caricature the Prophet Muhammad. In a world that left the age of empire behind, we see Russia attempting to recover lost glory through force. Asian powers debate competing claims of history. And in Europe and the United States, you see people wrestle with concerns about immigration and changing demographics, and suggesting that somehow people who look different are corrupting the character of our countries.
Now, there’s no easy answer for resolving all these social forces, and we must respect the meaning that people draw from their own traditions — from their religion, from their ethnicity, from their sense of nationhood. But I do not believe progress is possible if our desire to preserve our identities gives way to an impulse to dehumanize or dominate another group. If our religion leads us to persecute those of another faith, if we jail or beat people who are gay, if our traditions lead us to prevent girls from going to school, if we discriminate on the basis of race or tribe or ethnicity, then the fragile bonds of civilization will fray. The world is too small, we are too packed together, for us to be able to resort to those old ways of thinking.
（註 — 「But I do not believe progress is possible if our desire to preserve our identities gives way to an impulse to dehumanize or dominate another group」は、「if」で始まる条件節が文の後半にあり、順送り訳が難しいです。ここのサイトラ訳例では、「if」が見えた時点で「しかし、思いますに、進歩を可能にするためには」と訳し始めています。）
We see this mindset in too many parts of the Middle East. There, so much of the collapse in order has been fueled because leaders sought legitimacy not because of policies or programs but by resorting to persecuting political opposition, or demonizing other religious sects, by narrowing the public space to the mosque, where in too many places perversions of a great faith were tolerated. These forces built up for years, and are now at work helping to fuel both Syria’s tragic civil war and the mindless, medieval menace of ISIL.
（註 — １．「so much of the collapse in order has been fueled because leaders sought legitimacy not because of policies or programs but by resorting to …」に関してですが、直訳すると、「秩序の崩壊のあまりにも多くが～という理由で助長された」のような訳になりますが、これを平たく言うと「秩序の崩壊が起きた大きな理由は～だ」というような意味ですね。２．「the mindless, medieval menace of ISIL」は訳しにくいです。直訳すると、「ISIL の無分別で中世的な脅威」のような訳になるのでしょうか。しかし、もし通訳をしているのだと仮定すると、それを聞いているクライアントには「中世的な脅威」は、分かりにくいかもしれません。）
The mindset of sectarianism, and extremism, and bloodletting, and retribution that has been taking place will not be quickly reversed. And if we are honest, we understand that no external power is going to be able to force different religious communities or ethnic communities to co-exist for long. But I do believe we have to be honest about the nature of these conflicts, and our international community must continue to work with those who seek to build rather than to destroy.
（註 — 「the nature of these conflicts」という語句は、「nature」をどう訳すのがふさわしいでしょうか。「性質」でも良いのかもしれませんが、「本質」と訳す方が話者の意図に近いように私は感じます。）
And there is a military component to that. It means being united and relentless in destroying networks like ISIL, which show no respect for human life. But it also means that in a place like Syria, where there’s no ultimate military victory to be won, we’re going to have to pursue the hard work of diplomacy that aims to stop the violence, and deliver aid to those in need, and support those who pursue a political settlement and can see those who are not like themselves as worthy of dignity and respect.
（註 — 「and support those who pursue a political settlement and can see those who are not like themselves as worthy of dignity and respect」という部分は、通常の訳し方ですと「政治的解決を追求し、自分たちとは異なる人々も尊厳と尊敬に値すると考えることのできる人たちを支援することなのです」のようになるかもしれません。上のサイトラ訳例では、順送り訳方式で「政治的解決を追求する人たちを支持することであり、自分たちとは異なる人々も尊厳と尊敬に値すると考える人たちを支援することなのです」と訳しています。この訳では「support」という一つの動詞を二度訳しています。サイトラの別のやりかたとして「政治的解決を追求する人たち、つまり自分たちとは異なる人々も尊厳と尊敬に値すると考える人たちを支援することなのです」のように訳しても良いと思います。）
Across the region’s conflicts, we have to insist that all parties recognize a common humanity and that nations end proxy wars that fuel disorder. Because until basic questions are answered about how communities co-exist, the embers of extremism will continue to burn, countless human beings will suffer — most of all in that region — but extremism will continue to be exported overseas. And the world is too small for us to simply be able to build a wall and prevent it from affecting our own societies.
（註 — 「we have to insist that all parties recognize….」は「私たちが主張しなければならないことは・・・です」のように順送りで訳出しています。）
And what is true in the Middle East is true for all of us. Surely, religious traditions can be honored and upheld while teaching young people science and math, rather than intolerance. Surely, we can sustain our unique traditions while giving women their full and rightful role in the politics and economics of a nation. Surely, we can rally our nations to solidarity while recognizing equal treatment for all communities — whether it’s a religious minority in Myanmar, or an ethnic minority in Burundi, or a racial minority right here in the United States. And surely, Israelis and Palestinians will be better off if Palestinians reject incitement and recognize the legitimacy of Israel, but Israel recognizes that it cannot permanently occupy and settle Palestinian land. We all have to do better as leaders in tamping down, rather than encouraging, a notion of identity that leads us to diminish others.
（註 — この段落には、「while」で導かれる従属節が後半に来るセンテンスがいくつか含まれており、上のサイトラ訳例では、いずれの文も順送り訳方式で、主節を最初に訳出しています。必ずしもそのように訳す必要はありませんが、私の場合は、後半部分を訳している間に前半部分の内容についての記憶があいまいになってしまいかねないと感じたので、そのように訳しました。）
And this leads me to the fourth and final thing we need to do, and that is sustain our commitment to international cooperation rooted in the rights and responsibilities of nations.
（註 — 「commitment」という単語はどう訳すべきでしょうか。上のサイトラ訳例では、このオバマ大統領のスピーチが国連総会でのものであるという背景を考慮して「コミットメント」という表現を選びました。このスピーチの聴衆であるような人たちは、このカタカナ表現には慣れているからです。あくまでも、誰が通訳を聞いているのかということを念頭に訳語を選びます。）
As President of the United States, I know that for most of human history, power has not been unipolar. The end of the Cold War may have led too many to forget this truth. I’ve noticed as President that at times, both America’s adversaries and some of our allies believe that all problems were either caused by Washington or could be solved by Washington — and perhaps too many in Washington believed that as well. But I believe America has been a rare superpower in human history insofar as it has been willing to think beyond narrow self-interest; that while we’ve made our share of mistakes over these last 25 years — and I’ve acknowledged some — we have strived, sometimes at great sacrifice, to align better our actions with our ideals. And as a consequence, I believe we have been a force for good.
（註 — 「Washington」の訳し方に関してですが、「ワシントン」と訳す方法もあるにはありますが、おそらく、ここでは「アメリカ」や「米国」と訳すほうが無難でしょう。）
We have secured allies. We’ve acted to protect the vulnerable. We supported human rights and welcomed scrutiny of our own actions. We’ve bound our power to international laws and institutions. When we’ve made mistakes, we’ve tried to acknowledge them. We have worked to roll back poverty and hunger and disease beyond our borders, not just within our borders.
（註 — 「We’ve bound our power to international laws and institutions.」この文は訳しにくく、工夫が必要です。「私たちは国際法や国際機関に自らの力を縛ってきました」では、不自然です。）
I’m proud of that. But I also know that we can’t do this alone. And I believe that if we’re to meet the challenges of this century, we are all going to have to do more to build up international capacity. We cannot escape the prospect of nuclear war unless we all commit to stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and pursuing a world without them.
（註 — １．最後の文は、順送り訳をしたので、「核戦争の可能性を回避しようと思えば・・・しなければなりません」というような訳になっています。２．「we all commit to stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and pursuing a world without them」という部分は、「私たち全員が核兵器の拡散を阻止し、核兵器のない世界を追求することにコミットする」でも良いと思いますが、上のサイトラ訳例では「we all commit to」を最初に訳出することにしました。）
When Iran agrees to accept constraints on its nuclear program, that enhances global security and enhances Iran’s ability to work with other nations. On the other hand, when North Korea tests a bomb, that endangers all of us. And any country that breaks this basic bargain must face consequences. And those nations with these weapons, like the United States, have a unique responsibility to pursue the path of reducing our stockpiles, and reaffirming basic norms like the commitment to never test them again.
We can’t combat a disease like Zika that recognizes no borders — mosquitoes don’t respect walls — unless we make permanent the same urgency that we brought to bear against Ebola – – by strengthening our own systems of public health, by investing in cures and rolling back the root causes of disease, and helping poorer countries develop a public health infrastructure.
（註 — １．「mosquitoes don’t respect walls」という語句ですが、直訳すると、「蚊は壁を尊重しない」や「蚊は壁を認めしない」などとなるかもしれませんが、この部分は国越えて拡がる病気の話ですので、「国境を尊重しない」などの訳でよいと思います。２．この部分でも「unless」で始まる従属節が後半にきており、順送り訳をするには工夫が必要です。）
We can only eliminate extreme poverty if the sustainable development goals that we have set are more than words on paper. Human ingenuity now gives us the capacity to feed the hungry and give all of our children — including our girls — the education that is the foundation for opportunity in our world. But we have to put our money where our mouths are.
（註 — 「the sustainable development goals that we have set」という語句には「that we have set」が含まれてはいますが、「Sustainable Development Goals」は「持続可能な開発目標」という定訳がありますので、あえて「私たちが設定した持続可能な開発目標」と文字通りに訳出する必要はないでしょう。）
And we can only realize the promise of this institution’s founding — to replace the ravages of war with cooperation — if powerful nations like my own accept constraints. Sometimes I’m criticized in my own country for professing a belief in international norms and multilateral institutions. But I am convinced that in the long run, giving up some freedom of action — not giving up our ability to protect ourselves or pursue our core interests, but binding ourselves to international rules over the long term — enhances our security. And I think that’s not just true for us.
（註 — １．「Sometimes I’m criticized in my own country for professing a belief in international norms and multilateral institutions.」このセンテンスを順送り方式で訳すために、「～として」という表現を使っています。別のやり方として、「～ですが」を使って、「時々私は自国で批判されるのですが」のように、このセンテンスの訳を始めても良いかもしれませんが、その後、訳を続けてうまく締めくくるのが難しいかもしれません。２．「core interests」は「核心的利益」と訳しがちかもしれませんが、「核心的利益」は、国家主権、安全保障、領土の保全等に関する中国の国家利益を指す政治的な用語として使われているので、要注意です。）
If Russia continues to interfere in the affairs of its neighbors, it may be popular at home, it may fuel nationalist fervor for a time, but over time it is also going to diminish its stature and make its borders less secure. In the South China Sea, a peaceful resolution of disputes offered by law will mean far greater stability than the militarization of a few rocks and reefs.
We are all stakeholders in this international system, and it calls upon all of us to invest in the success of institutions to which we belong. And the good news is, is that many nations have shown what kind of progress is possible when we make those commitments. Consider what we’ve accomplished here over the past few years.
（註 — １．「it calls upon all of us to invest in the success of institutions to which we belong」は通常の翻訳では「この国際システムは私たち全員に、私たちが所属する組織の成功に投資することを求めています」のような訳になるかもしれませんが、上のサイトラ訳例では順送り方式で訳しています。２．「And the good news is, is that many nations have shown what kind of progress is possible when we make those commitments.」も、サイトラ訳例では順送り訳でやっていますが、通常の訳し方ですと「そして良いニュースは、私たちがそうした約束をすれば、どのような進歩が可能になるかを多くの国が示してきたことです」のような語順になるでしょう。）
Together, we mobilized some 50,000 additional troops for U.N. peacekeeping, making them nimble, better equipped, better prepared to deal with emergencies. Together, we established an Open Government Partnership so that, increasingly, transparency empowers more and more people around the globe. And together, now, we have to open our hearts and do more to help refugees who are desperate for a home.
We should all welcome the pledges of increased assistance that have been made at this General Assembly gathering. I’ll be discussing that more this afternoon. But we have to follow through, even when the politics are hard. Because in the eyes of innocent men and women and children who, through no fault of their own, have had to flee everything that they know, everything that they love, we have to have the empathy to see ourselves. We have to imagine what it would be like for our family, for our children, if the unspeakable happened to us. And we should all understand that, ultimately, our world will be more secure if we are prepared to help those in need and the nations who are carrying the largest burden with respect to accommodating these refugees.
（註 — １．「we have to have the empathy to see ourselves」という部分は非常に訳しにくいですね。文字通り直訳しようとすると「私たちは自分自身を見る共感を持たなければならない」のようになるかもしれませんが、それでは、何を言いたいのかが分かりにくいように思います。上のサイトラ訳例では、すぐ後のセンテンスが「We have to imagine what it would be like for our family」と続きますので、この文脈を考慮して訳出しています。２．「help those in need and the nations who are carrying the largest burden with respect to accommodating these refugees」という部分の訳は「困っている人々や、難民の受け入れに関して最大の負担を担っている国々を支援する」と訳しがちですが、その訳ですと、「困っている人々」も「難民」も「受け入れ」につながっているかのような印象を与えかねません。）
There are a lot of nations right now that are doing the right thing. But many nations — particularly those blessed with wealth and the benefits of geography — that can do more to offer a hand, even if they also insist that refugees who come to our countries have to do more to adapt to the customs and conventions of the communities that are now providing them a home.
（註 — 「But many nations — particularly those blessed with wealth and the benefits of geography — that can do more to offer a hand, even if they also insist that….」このセンテンスは、順送り訳が難しいですが、可能な限り頭ごなしに訳していきます。「even if」以下の従属節が長いので最終的には頭ごなしに訳す方が、賢明だと思います。）
Let me conclude by saying that I recognize history tells a different story than the one that I’ve talked about here today. There’s a much darker and more cynical view of history that we can adopt. Human beings are too often motivated by greed and by power. Big countries for most of history have pushed smaller ones around. Tribes and ethnic groups and nation states have very often found it most convenient to define themselves by what they hate and not just those ideas that bind them together.
（註 — 「Tribes and ethnic groups and nation states have very often found it most convenient to define themselves by …」というセンテンスは、通常の訳し方ですと、「have very often found it most convenient」という部分が最後に来て「～が最も都合が良いとしばしば考えてきました」のようになるでしょうか。上のサイトラ訳例では、この部分を最初の方で「ご都合主義に流され」と訳出しています。別の言い方としては、「その時その場の都合に流され」などが可能だと思います。）
Time and again, human beings have believed that they finally arrived at a period of enlightenment only to repeat, then, cycles of conflict and suffering. Perhaps that’s our fate. We have to remember that the choices of individual human beings led to repeated world war. But we also have to remember that the choices of individual human beings created a United Nations, so that a war like that would never happen again. Each of us as leaders, each nation can choose to reject those who appeal to our worst impulses and embrace those who appeal to our best. For we have shown that we can choose a better history.
（註 — 「But we also have to remember that the choices of individual human beings created a United Nations, so that a war like that would never happen again.」通常の訳し方ですと「しかし、個々の人間の選択によって、二度とあのような戦争が起こらないように国際連合が作られたことも忘れてはなりません」のようになるでしょうか。）
Sitting in a prison cell, a young Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote, “Human progress never rolls [in] on the wheels of inevitability; it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be co-workers with God.” And during the course of these eight years, as I’ve traveled to many of your nations, I have seen that spirit in our young people, who are more educated and more tolerant, and more inclusive and more diverse, and more creative than our generation; who are more empathetic and compassionate towards their fellow human beings than previous generations.
（註 — １．「co-workers with God」の訳し方ですが、日本国内のキリスト教では「神の協力者」という表現がよく使われているようです。２．「Human progress never rolls [in] on the wheels of inevitability; it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be co-workers with God」という引用文ですが、上に掲載したのはサイトラ訳です。もう少し丁寧に訳す場合は「人類の進歩は決して必然という車に乗ってやってくるものではない。それは神の協力者として働くことをいとわない人々のたゆまぬ努力によってもたらされるのだ」等と訳すことを考えても良いのかもしれません。３．「young people, who are more educated and more tolerant, and more inclusive and more diverse, and more creative than our generation」は、「than our generation」が最後に来る比較表現ですので、順送り方式で訳しにくいです。上のサイトラ訳例では、形容詞を名詞的に訳していますが、こういったことも工夫の一つだと思います。）
And, yes, some of that comes with the idealism of youth. But it also comes with young people’s access to information about other peoples and places — an understanding unique in human history that their future is bound with the fates of other human beings on the other side of the world.
（註 — １．「an understanding unique in human history that their future is bound with the fates of other human beings on the other side of the world」という部分は、通常の訳し方ですと「自分たちの未来が、地球の裏側にいる他の人間の運命と結びついているという、人類史上類を見ない理解」のようになるでしょう。上のサイトラ訳例では、「an understanding unique in human history」を最初に訳出しようとしています。）
I think of the thousands of health care workers from around the world who volunteered to fight Ebola. I remember the young entrepreneurs I met who are now starting new businesses in Cuba, the parliamentarians who used to be just a few years ago political prisoners in Myanmar. I think of the girls who have braved taunts or violence just to go to school in Afghanistan, and the university students who started programs online to reject the extremism of organizations like ISIL. I draw strength from the young Americans — entrepreneurs, activists, soldiers, new citizens — who are remaking our nation once again, who are unconstrained by old habits and old conventions, and unencumbered by what is, but are instead ready to seize what ought to be.
（註 — １．最初の文は、関係節の構造通りに訳そうとすると「私は、エボラ出血熱と闘うために世界中から志願した何千人もの医療従事者のことを思い起こします」のようになるでしょうか。上のサイトラ訳例は、こういった構造にはとらわれずに、順送り訳をしています。２．「I think of the girls who have braved taunts or violence just to go to school in Afghanistan」という部分の「just」が示すニュアンスは「ただ単に学校に行くというごく普通のことをするだけのためなのに嘲笑や暴力に耐えないといけない」ということですが、サイトラ訳例では、そのニュアンスは入れることが出来ませんでした。３．最後の文の「I draw strength from the young Americans — entrepreneurs, activists, soldiers, new citizens — who … are … ready to seize what ought to be.」は厳密に訳すと、「起業家、活動家、兵士、新市民など・・・あるべき姿をつかむ準備ができている若いアメリカ人たちから力を得ています」のような訳になるかと思います。サイトラでは、そのような訳し方ではなく順送り方式に訳しています。「Americans」は名詞であり、直訳すると「アメリカ人」となりますが、品詞にとらわれる必要はないのです。）
My own family is a made up of the flesh and blood and traditions and cultures and faiths from a lot of different parts of the world — just as America has been built by immigrants from every shore. And in my own life, in this country, and as President, I have learned that our identities do not have to be defined by putting someone else down, but can be enhanced by lifting somebody else up. They don’t have to be defined in opposition to others, but rather by a belief in liberty and equality and justice and fairness.
And the embrace of these principles as universal doesn’t weaken my particular pride, my particular love for America — it strengthens it. My belief that these ideals apply everywhere doesn’t lessen my commitment to help those who look like me, or pray as I do, or pledge allegiance to my flag. But my faith in those principles does force me to expand my moral imagination and to recognize that I can best serve my own people, I can best look after my own daughters, by making sure that my actions seek what is right for all people and all children, and your daughters and your sons.
（註 — 最後のセンテンスの「recognize」という動詞は、上のサイトラ訳例では順送り方式で訳していますが、そうしないのであれば、「recognize」を記憶に保持しておいて、和訳の文末に入れることになります。例えば、「自分の国民に最もよく仕え、自分の娘たちを最もよく世話するためには、すべての人々、すべての子供たち、そして皆さんの娘さんや息子さんたちのために正しいことを追求することだと認識しています」のような訳になります。）
This is what I believe: that all of us can be co-workers with God. And our leadership, and our governments, and this United Nations should reflect this irreducible truth. Thank you very much.
まとめと参考サイト
以上で、英日通訳のサイトラ訓練を締めくくります。
* * * * *
★ 英日通訳のコツ・工夫のまとめはこちら ⇩ です。
★ 順送り訳（頭ごなしの訳）についてはこちら ⇩ をどうぞ。
★ 通訳に関心がある人にとって読む価値のある本を、こちらで ⇩ 紹介しています。
